IP address - (5)

Internet Protocol Address
(IP address) - 5

Summary on What we have studied in last Tutorial ? :-

• A Subnet Mask specifies which part of IP address is reserved for the network, and which part is available for host use.
• Class full address is consisting of three classes class A, class B, and Class C. Each class has a default Subnet Mask. 
• An IP address is assigned to a Host may either be permanent address or address that is assigned to a host on a time lease or temporary basis. Hence, the address granted to hosts is divided into two categories 

(a) Static IP address and 

(b) Dynamic IP addresses. 

• All hosts located on a same physical network segment must have same network address.

(6) Types of IP address :-

Different types of IP address are :-

• Unicast Address
• Multicast Address
• Broadcast address

(6.1) Unicast IP address :-

      Unicast means one to one communication. When a data packet is sent from a host with destination address which represents a single host, a unicast communication takes place. Hence, a Unicast IP address is an IP address which uniquely identifies a host in a particular network. Each host represent on the Internet has at least one unique unicast IP address. These addresses belong to Class-A, Class-B, Class-C. For example, the IP address 192.168.1.20 is a unicast IP address.

(6.2) Multicast IP address :-

      Multicast means one-to-many communication. When a data packet is sent from a host to a group of host, a multicast communication takes place. Multicast addresses belongs to Class D addresses. These addresses define an address for a group. A system on a Multicast addresses, then the System belongs to five different multicast groups. For example, 224.0.0.1 is a multicast address.

(6.3) Broadcast IP address :-

      Broadcast IP addressing means one to all communication. A broadcast address is an IP address that allows a data packet to be sent to all machines on a given network. Data packet is broadcast only at a local level and not at global level. The Broadcast address for a network is the last address of that network. Using a broadcast IP address space. For example, to broadcast a packet to an entire class B subnet using a private IP address space, the broadcast address would be 172.16.255.255 for 172.16.x.x network.

      In some applications, the hosts in a network need to send messages to all the hosts in a network. For example, transmitting information such as weather report, stock market, changes and live radio programs would work best by broadcasting the data over the network to all the hosts.

(7) Special IP Addresses :-

      Special IP address are IP addresses which are never usd on the public internet. These addresses include :- 

• Private address
• Loop-back address
• Link-local address

(7.1) Private address :-

      

      The private addresses are used to communicate within a network which is not used to connect to the public Internet.

(7.2) Loopback address :-

      

     The loop-back address is used to test the network devices and working of networking of network protocols.

      Loopback address is a special IP number 127.0.0.1 that is designed for the software loopback interface has no hardware associated with it, and it is not physically connected to a network.

(7.3) link-local addresses :-

      

      The link-local addresses which are used for IP address configuration in case any of the IP address configuration protocols are unavailable. IP addresses in the range from 169.254.1.0 to 169.254.254.255 are used as a link-local address. It is used to automatically assign an IP address to a device in a network when there is no other assignment method available, such as a DHCP server.

(8) Private addresses :-

      As many organizations, do not need registered or public IP address for all computers in the network, due to cost factor and shortage of publicly registered IP addresses, the need for private network is becoming a common factor.

Note :- 

      A public IP address also called as Static IP address is issued to every computer that connects to the Internet.

       Private addresses are used to communicate within a network i.e. LAN. Private network uses a particular IP addresses block. Computers in a private network are allotted these IP addresses from the given slots of addresses for communicating with other computers present in the same internal private network. 

      

      The addresses used for private networks are shown in the Table below :-

private IP addresses

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